World Krypton

The central importance of measurement of Science

The mass of an object is a measure of the amount of matter in it and is kept constant. The SI unit mass is the kilogram (kg). The weight of an object varies with the gravitational field that influence it. While the SI unit of length is the meter (m) in length units atomic scale are nanometer (nm) and Picometre (pm). volume units are derived from the units of length, volume units in chemistry are more important cubic meter (m3) and the liter (L). Density (d) is the volume ratio of mass of a substance and is one of its physical characteristics. The temperature is a measure of relative hotness of an object. Heat is energy flowing from one object to a higher temperature to a cooler. temperature scales differ in size unit level and / or the zero point. The temperature is measured in chemistry (Kelvin k) or degrees Celsius (° C). Extensive properties like mass, volume and energy must depend on the size of objects (extension). intensive properties such as density and temperature are independent of size. Today measurement is so common that it is taken for granted, but has a long and fascinating history characterized by the pursuit of exacting standards, unchanged.

Measuring system began thousands of years ago as trade, construction and land surveying spread through the civilized world. For most of that time, however, the measurements were based on inaccurate physical standards. For example, one inch is the length of three grains of barley (seed) placed end to end a yard was the distance from the tip of the nose King Edgar to the tip of your thumb with your arm extended, and an acre was the area cultivated by a man working with a pair of oxen in a day.

The standard meters is now based on two quantities, the speed of light in the empty and the second. The story points underground to the current year to define the units based on immutable rules. French scientists who created the system metric defined the meter as 1 / 10, 000,000, the distance from Ecuador (via Paris) to the North Pole. The meter was later defined as the distance between the two five lines engraved on a metal bar corrosion resistant registered with the International Bureau of Weights and Measures in France. The fear that the bar would be destroyed or damaged by the war led to an exact and unchanging, universally available standard atomic, 1,650,763.73 wavelengths of orange red light from atoms electrically excited krypton. The current standard is even more reliable, 1 meter is the distance light travels in vacuum in 1 / 299, 792.458 seconds.

The U.S. copy master kilogram kept in a safe at the National Institute of Standards and Technology near Washington, DC since 1889, has been to France only twice for comparison with the pounds teacher who is retiring from the vault once a year for such purposes. Two people are always present when moving, one to take with tweezers and the other for the catch, if the first person stumbles. The kilogram is otherwise rare, is the basic unit, whose name has only one prefix. Unlike practice with the basic units, however, attach prefixes to the word "Gram" as in "micrograms" instead of the word "kilo". Therefore, we never say "micro-kilogram."

The SI unit of time is the second (s). Although time was measured once a day and year, now is based on an atomic standard, microwave and radiation of the cesium atoms excited. In the laboratory, we study the reaction rate by measuring the time it takes a fixed amount of substance to undergo a chemical change. The range of reaction rates is enormous chemical change faster in a few nanoseconds (10-9s), while slow, as oxidation or biological aging, take years. Chemists use the laser to study the changes that occur within a few picoseconds (10-12s) or even femto-second (10-15s). The accuracy of the pendulum clock is better in 3 seconds per year and the quartz watch is 1000 times better. The latest atomic clock, NIST-7, is more than 2000 times more accurate still, with an accuracy of 1 second in six million years. Instead of using the oscillations of a pendulum, the atomic clock measures the natural oscillation frequency of cesium atoms absorb microwave radiation. A second is defined as 9192631770 of these oscillations. plausto place cesium clock current advanced laser-cooled atomic international space station will allow times observation time of the atoms, for atleast a 10-fold increase in precision.

About the Author

Dr.Badruddin Khan teaches Chemistry in the University of kashmir, Srinagar, india.

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